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991.
William M. Lyons 《Transportation》1995,22(3):217-240
In combination, the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA) and the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAAA) are innovative and aggressive efforts to move US cities toward integrated transportation and air quality planning. Under these complementary laws, air quality has become a major national transportation goal. In areas with serious air pollution, air quality will be a major consideration in determining the future shape of urban transportation.This paper considers how the CAAA and ISTEA combine to provide an innovative national policy approach of interest to countries seeking to encourage sustainable development in urban centers. The CAAA mandates measurable and enforceable air quality targets. Nation-wide standards are set for acceptable levels of carbon monoxide, ground level ozone, and small particulates. ISTEA includes directions for transportation planners and decision-makers to follow to reach air quality and other goals — transportation planning must emphasize system efficiency, and for cities with severe air pollution, transportation projects are expected to contribute to cleaner air. Each urban area has flexibility in how it applies this framework to reflect its priorities and solve its problems. Strict federal sanctions provide incentives for compliance with both laws.Enactment of these laws has produced a period of transition and uncertainty as well as of challenge and opportunity for planners and elected officials. The next several years, the US will provide one national laboratory and over 100 different urban laboratories for innovative approaches to integrate transportation and environmental policies to resolve major urban problems.Abbreviations CAAA
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990
- CO
Carbon monoxide
- ECO
Employee Commute Option
- EPA
US Environmental Protection Agency
- HC
Transportation hydrocarbons
- I/M
Inspections and maintenance program
- ISTEA
Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991
- MPO
Metropolitan planning organizations
- NOx
Nitrogen oxides
- PPM
Parts per million
- PM10
Small particulate matter
- SIP
State Implementation Plan
- TIP
Transportation Improvement Program
- TCM
Transportation control measures
- VMT
Vehicle miles traveled 相似文献
992.
在大鼠胸髓下段,用分离细束法研究背外侧索中对侧传入的上行纤维的分布和电生理学特征,发现该类纤维主要分布在背外侧索的背侧浅层,与同侧上行纤维相混杂.主要生理学类型为毛单位、低阈单位和毛-低阈混合单位等.对电刺激感受野的反应,一些单位表现出单突触,低阈值的特点。结果表明大鼠背外侧索中有交叉上行纤维,其分布和外周传入特性与脊颈束相似。 相似文献
993.
本文对采用模型设计和模型试验方法研制大型离心泵的计算理论,结构设计和材料选用等问题进行了探讨,确认了只有在正确运用相似计算公式的前提下才能保证相似设计可靠性的观点,验证了叶轮进口截面几何形状对离心泵汽蚀性能和效率值的影响,并提出了国内现有的能较好满足船艇货油泵运转条件的材料组合建议方案。 相似文献
994.
用蔗糖-间隙法研究了Zn~(2+)对兔离体颈上交感神经节的作用。Zn~(2+)对神经节动作电位产生浓度依赖性抑制作用,IC_(50)为1.48mmol/l。其作用在高〔Ca~(2+)〕溶液中减弱,在低〔Ca~(2+)〕溶液中加强。新斯的明、L—半胱氨酸能拮抗Zn~(2+)的抑制作用。Zn~(2+)对神经节N波也产生浓度依赖性抑制作用,对P波抑制作用很弱,对LN波无明显影响。 相似文献
995.
简要介绍了我国自行研制的8A4水下机器人的主要特性、技术参数、控制结构等、以及为提高可靠性、可维性、实用性所采取的一系列措施、使之能在海洋工程中应用。 相似文献
996.
近年来,市政基础设施建设在飞速发展,城市中可用于市政建设的空间将越来越紧张。如何在不影响周边环境和交通的前提下完成工程,对原有结构部分进行拆除和新建,尤其是在上海外滩"亚洲第一弯"拆除工程中,既要按时完成又要确保安全拆除万无一失,发挥安全监理的监督作用。该文对此作了一些有益的探讨,可供参考。 相似文献
997.
Railway reforms: do they influence operating efficiency? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper considers railway operations in 23 European countries during 1995–2001, where a series of reform initiatives were
launched by the European Commission, and analyses whether these reform initiatives improved the efficiency of the railway
systems. Efficiency is measured using Multi-directional Efficiency Analysis, which enables investigation of how railway reforms
affect the inefficiencies of specific cost drivers. The main findings are that the reform initiatives generally improve technical
efficiency but potentially differently for different cost drivers. Specifically, the paper provides empirical evidence that
accounting separation is important for improving the efficiency in the use of both material and staff costs, whereas other
reforms only influenced one of these factors.
Mette Asmild is Associate Professor in Operational Research at Warwick Business School (UK). Her main research interests are theoretical developments and practical applications of efficiency and productivity analysis techniques, particularly Data Envelopment Analysis. Torben Holvad is Economic Adviser at the European Railway Agency (France), senior research associate at the Transport Studies Unit (University of Oxford) and external associate professor at the Department of Transport (Danish Technical University). He obtained Economics degrees from Copenhagen University (MSc) and the European University Institute in Florence (PhD). Jens Leth Hougaard is Professor in Applied Microeconomics at Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen. His main research interests are related to applied microeconomics and include Efficiency Analysis and Benchmarking. Currently, he is working with cost sharing methods and allocation in networks. Dorte Kronborg is MSc in mathematical statistics from the University of Aarhus and Associate Professor at Center for Statistics, Department of Finance, Copenhagen Business School. Her primary research interests are applications and development of mathematical statistical methods within business economics. 相似文献
Dorte KronborgEmail: |
Mette Asmild is Associate Professor in Operational Research at Warwick Business School (UK). Her main research interests are theoretical developments and practical applications of efficiency and productivity analysis techniques, particularly Data Envelopment Analysis. Torben Holvad is Economic Adviser at the European Railway Agency (France), senior research associate at the Transport Studies Unit (University of Oxford) and external associate professor at the Department of Transport (Danish Technical University). He obtained Economics degrees from Copenhagen University (MSc) and the European University Institute in Florence (PhD). Jens Leth Hougaard is Professor in Applied Microeconomics at Department of Food and Resource Economics, University of Copenhagen. His main research interests are related to applied microeconomics and include Efficiency Analysis and Benchmarking. Currently, he is working with cost sharing methods and allocation in networks. Dorte Kronborg is MSc in mathematical statistics from the University of Aarhus and Associate Professor at Center for Statistics, Department of Finance, Copenhagen Business School. Her primary research interests are applications and development of mathematical statistical methods within business economics. 相似文献
998.
目的探讨非小细胞肺癌(NSCLC)组织中hCTR1的表达与患者临床病理特征的关系以及减轻铂类药副反应的临床方法。方法采用免疫组织化学法,检测54例手术后接受含顺铂方案一线化疗的NSCLC患者组织中hCTR1的表达情况,其中35例患者于化疗前后采取水化、还原型谷胱甘肽、维生素B2及姜黄素等措施,分析hCTR1表达与NSCLC患者临床特征、病理类型、分化程度、临床分期、化疗疗效及化疗副反应的关系。结果 hCTR1的免疫阳性反应主要定位于NSCLC细胞的细胞质;hCTR1表达与含顺铂方案的化疗疗效及淋巴结转移呈正相关(P=0.02,P=0.01),而与年龄(P=0.29)、性别(P=0.32)、病理类型(P=0.19)、临床分期(P=0.52)、分化程度(P=0.62)及是否吸烟(P=0.89)无关;化疗副反应大小与性别(P=0.87)及年龄(P=0.47)无关,与在化疗前后是否采取水化、还原型谷胱甘肽、维生素B2及姜黄素等措施有关(P<0.05)。结论 hCTR1的表达可能是NSCLC患者以铂类为基础治疗的化疗疗效及淋巴结转移的重要预测因子。对于有高表达hCTR1的NSCLC患者化疗时,在化疗前后采取水化、还原型谷胱甘肽、维生素B2及姜黄素等措施,可以减轻化疗副反应。 相似文献
999.
目的探讨人类胚胎期大脑额叶、脑室区(ventricular zone,VZ)/脑室下区(subventricular zone,SVZ)以及海马内星形胶质细胞的分布规律及形态特征。方法将收集的引产胎儿按胎龄分为4组:911周,1411周,1416周,2216周,2224周和3224周和3236周。切取额叶、VZ/SVZ和海马部位的脑组织,固定后制作冰冻切片,免疫组织化学染色后观察胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)阳性细胞的分布及形态。通过GFAP和nestin免疫荧光双标染色剔除GFAP阳性的神经干细胞。结果 1在皮质,936周。切取额叶、VZ/SVZ和海马部位的脑组织,固定后制作冰冻切片,免疫组织化学染色后观察胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)阳性细胞的分布及形态。通过GFAP和nestin免疫荧光双标染色剔除GFAP阳性的神经干细胞。结果 1在皮质,911周时GFAP阳性细胞主要位于VZ、SVZ和中间带(intermediate zone,IZ)内;1411周时GFAP阳性细胞主要位于VZ、SVZ和中间带(intermediate zone,IZ)内;1416周时其位于VZ最内层、IZ和分子层(marginal zone,MZ)内;2216周时其位于VZ最内层、IZ和分子层(marginal zone,MZ)内;2224周时皮层、髓质、IZ、SVZ和VZ最内层均有GFAP阳性细胞,髓质中的GFAP阳性细胞免疫反应强烈,胞体浓染,突起围绕胞体向四周伸展,具有典型纤维型星形胶质细胞的特征;3224周时皮层、髓质、IZ、SVZ和VZ最内层均有GFAP阳性细胞,髓质中的GFAP阳性细胞免疫反应强烈,胞体浓染,突起围绕胞体向四周伸展,具有典型纤维型星形胶质细胞的特征;3236周时GFAP阳性细胞的分布模式类似于2236周时GFAP阳性细胞的分布模式类似于2224周,髓质中的阳性细胞数量增加。2在海马,924周,髓质中的阳性细胞数量增加。2在海马,916周期间GFAP免疫反应程度较弱,主要分布在海马伞、VZ和MZ;22周后GFAP免疫反应程度增强,数量增多,分布范围逐渐扩大。3实验各组额叶VZ、SVZ以及海马的海马伞、VZ均有GFAP和nestin免疫荧光双标阳性细胞存在。结论在人胚胎发育后期端脑星形胶质出现并逐渐增多、分布广泛并趋于成熟。 相似文献
1000.
Toll样受体4信号通路过度激活在大鼠激素性股骨头坏死中的作用 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
目的建立大鼠激素性股骨头坏死模型并研究Toll样受体4(TLR4)信号通路在激素性股骨头坏死中的作用机制。方法成年雄性SD大鼠随机分为模型组、干预组,每组各24只,按照甲强龙20mg/kg的剂量给予双侧臀大肌交替肌注造模,1周1次,共8周。其中干预组在每次激素注射后,同时给予10mg/kg TAK242药物静脉注射;另12只大鼠设为对照组,仅在同等条件下给予生理盐水肌注。在激素注射后的8、10、12周时分别以过量麻醉法处死各组动物,采用ELISA测定血清中抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶(TRAP)的含量,并对股骨头进行组织病理学观察和TRAP特异性染色观察。分别提取各组大鼠股骨头总mRNA和总蛋白,采用RT-PCR和Western blot技术检测TLR4、髓样细胞分化因子88(MyD88)、NF-κB p65和单核细胞趋化蛋白(MCP-1)的mRNA及蛋白的表达。结果模型组股骨头坏死的组织病理学表现明显,其中血清TRAP含量、TRAP特异性染色面积、各因子的mRNA和蛋白含量表达均较其他两组有统计学差异(P<0.05)。干预组与空白对照组的各指标检测结果差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论大剂量激素的使用可以引起TLR4信号通路过度激活从而介导激素性股骨头坏死的发生。 相似文献